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values | date timestamp[s]date 2025-01-06 00:00:00 2025-01-20 00:00:00 | granule_id stringclasses 574
values | word_count int64 8 587 | labels listlengths 1 3 | evidence stringlengths 0 519 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
crec_005740 | It is happening, and it is traumatizing to women and girls to have a man walking around naked in their locker room or spiking a volleyball full force into their face. This failed ideological social experiment is disrupting the very fabric of what Title IX was designed to protect. One example, without mentioning names, ... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgH157-2 | 78 | [
"appeal_to_fear",
"loaded_language",
"strawman"
] | traumatizing to women and girls, spiking a volleyball full force into their face, failed ideological social experiment, disrupting the very fabric |
crec_005019 | That is true--he didn't hear those words in my remarks. That is not what these murderers were sentenced to. They were sentenced by a jury of their peers to the death penalty. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgS130-5 | 32 | [
"loaded_language",
"appeal_to_authority"
] | use of 'murderers' (loaded term) and appeal to 'jury of their peers' as authority for the death penalty |
crec_000737 | [ORG]: Mr. [PERSON] (Chair), Mr. [PERSON] , Mrs. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mrs. [PERSON] , Mrs. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mrs. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] . [ORG]: Ms. [PERSON] (Chair), Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] ([ORG]), Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , , Mrs. [PERSON] . Committe... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-07T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-07-pt1-PgS42-3 | 76 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_008877 | She keeps all of us kind. Isn't that a great compliment? That is from [PERSON] on my team. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgS198 | 18 | [
"glittering_generalities"
] | She keeps all of us kind - vague positive generalization without specific details or evidence |
crec_009622 | S. 5 [SPEAKER]. Mr. President, last week, you heard me speak in support of [ORG], a vote that we are going to have later this afternoon. Today, I would like to discuss a related bill called [PERSON] 's [PERSON] . | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-20T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-20-pt1-PgS245-6 | 41 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_003249 | 1125. LIMITATION ON REMOVAL. (a) In General.--An alien who appears to be prima facie eligible for status under this title shall be given a reasonable opportunity to apply for such status. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgS92-2 | 31 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_009583 | A bill to amend title 18, United States Code, to discontinue the collection by [ORG] of firearm transaction records of discontinued firearms businesses, to require the destruction of such already collected records, and for other purposes; to [ORG]. By [SPEAKER] (for himself and Mr. [PERSON] ): [PERSON] 564. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-20T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-20-pt1-PgH231 | 53 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_003940 | [ORG] Woman of the Year Stacy Jennings [SPEAKER]. Madam Speaker, I rise today to congratulate [PERSON] on being named United Way's 2025 Woman of the Year. Ms. [PERSON] has been a longtime volunteer and the heart of community service in Savannah. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH116 | 44 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_003538 | [ORG] ALONG THE NORTHERN BORDER. There is appropriated to [ORG], out of any money in the [ORG] not otherwise appropriated, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2025, $1,000,000,000, which shall be expended to aquire border security technology assets to be deployed along the international border between the United S... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgS95-4 | 58 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_008584 | In Los Angeles, resilience is a way of life. It is what has allowed the city to rise from the devastation of earthquakes and floods and riots and fires time and again. And we are stronger, more resilient, more united, more compassionate. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgS198 | 42 | [
"glittering_generalities",
"flag_waving"
] | resilience is a way of life... stronger, more resilient, more united, more compassionate |
crec_000847 | I yield the floor. I suggest the absence of a quorum. [SPEAKER]. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-08T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-08-pt1-PgS46-3 | 12 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_005537 | SA 30. [SPEAKER] submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill [ORG], to require the Secretary of [ORG] to take into custody aliens who have been charged in the United States with theft, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows: Beginning on page 3, strike line 9 and... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgS147 | 82 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_008091 | By [SPEAKER] (for himself, Mr. [PERSON] of North Carolina, Mr. [PERSON] , Mrs. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Ms. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] of North Carolina, Mr. [PERSON] , and Mr. [PERSON] of North Carolina): H.R. 474. A bill to amend the Lumbee Act of 1956; to [ORG]. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgH217-3 | 47 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_006582 | It says that if someone comes into this country illegally and starts stealing stuff, they are detained; they are held. They are not just allowed to be released to be able to drift around the country to steal other things or to commit a murder later. If they come into our country illegally and start stealing things, the... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgS161 | 71 | [
"loaded_language",
"appeal_to_fear"
] | characterizing illegal immigrants as thieves and murderers ('steal other things or to commit a murder later'), using inflammatory language to associate immigration with serious crimes |
crec_000787 | The leader is correct. [SPEAKER] will read the bill by title for the second time. The senior assistant executive clerk read as follows: A bill (S. 9) to provide that for purposes of determining compliance with title [ORG] of 1972 in athletics, sex shall be recognized based solely on a person's reproductive biology and ... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-08T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-08-pt1-PgS46-2 | 61 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_002361 | By [SPEAKER] (for herself and Mrs. [PERSON] ): S. 41. A bill to establish [ORG] along the southern border of the United States, and for other purposes; to [ORG] and [ORG]. By [SPEAKER] (for himself, Mr. [PERSON] , Ms. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , and Mr. [PERSON] ): S. 42. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-09T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-09-pt1-PgS78-2 | 52 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_000105 | [ORG]. (3) Committee on armed services.--Mr. [PERSON] of Washington. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-06T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-06-pt1-PgH49 | 9 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_004639 | Mr. [PERSON] , these are the weeks we are going to make that history or have to live with the sins of what we do. Mr. [PERSON] , I yield back the balance of my time. [SPEAKER] (Mr. [PERSON] of Texas). | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH142-3 | 39 | [
"loaded_language"
] | live with the sins of what we do |
crec_000259 | [[ORG] ([SPEAKER] asked and was given permission to address the House for 1 minute.) [SPEAKER]. Mr. [PERSON] , I rise today to honor and congratulate [ORG] on an incredible milestone--180 years of outstanding service to our community. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-07T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-07-pt1-PgH53-2 | 59 | [
"flag_waving",
"glittering_generalities"
] | honor and congratulate...outstanding service to our community |
crec_001091 | If they knew more about it, my guess is it would be an even bigger topic of conversation; there would be more outrage. I think that is part of what the table setting is going to be over the next 6 months or so here, which is to identify these things, talk about them, highlight them, and do something about it. Last year... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-08T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-08-pt1-PgS46-3 | 90 | [
"appeal_to_fear",
"loaded_language"
] | administrative state was one of the biggest threats to our Republic |
crec_006053 | HONORING GERRI McDANIEL ([SPEAKER] asked and was given permission to address the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend his remarks.) [SPEAKER]. Mr. [PERSON] , I rise today to honor the life of a dear friend and dedicated public servant, [PERSON] . | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgH173-3 | 56 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_008144 | A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to deny certain green energy tax benefits to companies connected to certain countries of concern; to [ORG]. By [SPEAKER] (for himself and Ms. [PERSON] ): H.R. 525. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgH217-3 | 41 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_009760 | I took a seat at the very end. That afternoon, I got on [ORG], took a seat at the very end. Two years later, [PERSON] came in and sat next to me. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-20T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-20-pt1-PgS251-2 | 34 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_004959 | It is a tax cut. You have to work a job and pay taxes in order to earn the credit. But under our current system, too many families do work. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgS130-5 | 30 | [
"loaded_language",
"doubt"
] | 'too many families do work' - implies working families are problematic; 'loaded_language' frames tax policy with emotionally charged assumptions about work and deservingness |
crec_008414 | But he didn't stop there. He used his last days in office to go on a little pardon spree, granting clemency to 39 individuals, as well as commuting the sentences of convicted murderers on death row. These people were convicted of crimes ranging from conspiracy to commit wire fraud in a mortgage fraud scheme to stealing... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgS198 | 77 | [
"loaded_language",
"appeal_to_fear"
] | describing pardons as a 'pardon spree' and emphasizing serious crimes like 'convicted murderers on death row' to suggest reckless abuse of power and danger |
crec_002931 | Our approach will be this: We will use these hearings to show the contrast between [PERSON] agenda of helping the special interests--especially the very wealthy--and the Democrats' agenda to fight for working Americans. Nominees should expect tough, candid, but fair questioning. They should come prepared to be honest a... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgS83-8 | 69 | [
"false_dichotomy",
"loaded_language"
] | contrast between helping special interests and fighting for working Americans; 'agenda to fight for working Americans' vs. helping 'the very wealthy' |
crec_009787 | 53 intended to be proposed to S. 5, a bill to require the Secretary of [ORG] to take into custody aliens who have been charged in the United States with theft, and for other purposes. AMENDMENT NO. 60 At the request of Mr. [PERSON] , his name was added as a cosponsor of amendment No. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-20T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-20-pt1-PgS252-6 | 55 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_007639 | These included 33,209 assaults; 4,390 sex and sexual assaults; 7,520 weapons offenses; 1,7l3 charges or convictions for homicide; and 1,655 kidnapping offenses. As one of [ORG]'s three operational directorates, [ORG] is the principal federal law enforcement authority in charge of domestic immigration enforcement. [ORG]... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgH191-3 | 100 | [
"loaded_language"
] | accumulation of specific crime statistics (assaults, sex crimes, weapons, homicide, kidnapping) presented without context to create negative impression of immigrants |
crec_000339 | Even President [PERSON] , during his first term, never tried to detain all migrants subject to mandatory detention. It was far too costly, even for him. Since this bill is so sweeping, even Dreamers and people living here on temporary protected status, people who may have lived in this country for decades and shortly a... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-07T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-07-pt1-PgH53-4 | 64 | [
"appeal_to_authority",
"loaded_language"
] | Even President [PERSON], during his first term, never tried... It was far too costly, even for him |
crec_004308 | This bill doesn't even come close to protecting women and girls in sports. In fact, it puts all women and girls in danger of sexual abuse. I hear my colleagues say, no, this wouldn't require genital exams. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH126 | 37 | [
"appeal_to_fear",
"loaded_language"
] | puts all women and girls in danger of sexual abuse |
crec_002488 | [SPEAKER] read the title of the bill. The text of the bill is as follows: [PERSON] 164 Be it enacted by the Senate and [ORG] in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgH103 | 38 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_003915 | The last time hostages were released was in November 2023, and they gained their freedom through diplomatic negotiations. What is urgently needed to bring an end to this brutal war is a diplomatic solution. Both [ORG] and [ORG] must agree to end the fighting, release the hostages, and flood the Gaza strip with desperat... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH115-4 | 61 | [
"loaded_language",
"appeal_to_authority"
] | 'brutal war' and 'desperately needed' use emotionally charged language; reference to past diplomatic success invokes authority of prior negotiations |
crec_000600 | We in New York and on Long Island use these funds on a rolling basis. We need these funds. And to repeat: [ORG] funds are a firewall at a time potential copycat attacks, like the FBI has warned, are happening. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-07T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-07-pt1-PgS36-6 | 40 | [
"appeal_to_fear",
"repetition"
] | warning of 'potential copycat attacks' and emphasis on need through repetition of 'We need these funds' |
crec_004553 | You take it away, fine. Be honest about what it means. It is another few trillion dollars of debt over the next 10 years that we have to pay interest on. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH142-3 | 31 | [
"loaded_language"
] | "take it away" and framing as "another few trillion dollars of debt" emphasizes negative consequences through word choice |
crec_001311 | READY TO DELIVER ([SPEAKER] asked and was given permission to address the House for 1 minute.) [SPEAKER]. Mr. [PERSON] , I rise today to tell the people of Oregon that I am ready to deliver for them. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-09T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-09-pt1-PgH66-2 | 49 | [
"glittering_generalities"
] | ready to deliver for them |
crec_001634 | People need to understand that if you are a Member of Congress, you are the board of the biggest economy in the world. You have to start learning your math because, at the end of the day, the math will always win. Let's do some basic things. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-09T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-09-pt1-PgH79 | 47 | [
"appeal_to_authority",
"loaded_language"
] | Members of Congress positioned as board of 'biggest economy in the world' with mathematical expertise requirement; 'the math will always win' implies unquestionable authority |
crec_001797 | That is what women are making compared to what men make. So, the query is: Why did we not pass all of these pieces of legislation? The answer is because we had two Senators--two Senators, not the entire Democratic Party; not all the Democratic leadership, two Senators--who would not do what Republicans did when they wa... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-09T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-09-pt1-PgH82 | 64 | [
"whataboutism",
"repetition"
] | deflects criticism by pointing to Republican behavior with Supreme Court nominee confirmation instead of addressing the legislative failures directly; 'two Senators' repeated for emphasis |
crec_006223 | As I said, I will vote to zero out taxes. We didn't have an income tax for the first half of this country's existence. I think that is great. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgH178 | 29 | [
"appeal_to_authority"
] | We didn't have an income tax for the first half of this country's existence |
crec_002836 | Together, we as Americans can lower prices at the pump and protect our national energy security. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgH96 | 16 | [
"glittering_generalities",
"flag_waving"
] | "Together, we as Americans" and appeal to collective national identity combined with vague promises to "lower prices" and "protect our national energy security" without specific mechanisms |
crec_003015 | [SPEAKER]. [SPEAKER] will read the bill by title for the second time. The legislative clerk read as follows: A bill ([PERSON] | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgS85 | 21 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_009793 | The Chairman of [ORG], Gen. [PERSON] , Jr., entered the Great Rotunda. Former Senate Majority Leader, the [PERSON] , accompanied by the Honorable [PERSON] ; and the Honorable [PERSON] , entered the Great Rotunda. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-20T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-20-pt1-PgS252-8 | 40 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_000251 | He was a man of faith who loved his family and loved our country. Let us mourn our [ORG]'s loss, celebrate a life well lived, and learn from his legacy of always putting country before self. May President [PERSON] rest in peace. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-07T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-07-pt1-PgH52-5 | 43 | [
"glittering_generalities",
"flag_waving"
] | 'man of faith', 'loved his family and loved our country', 'legacy of always putting country before self' |
crec_000211 | Concurrent resolution regarding consent to assemble outside the seat of government. The message further announced that the House has agreed to [PERSON] . 1, resolving that [PERSON] of the State of Illinois be, and is hereby chosen [PERSON] of [ORG]; that [PERSON] of the State of Maryland be, and is hereby, chosen [ORG]... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-06T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-06-pt1-PgS33 | 86 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_001163 | The provision stipulates that, in the Senate, the notification of proposed sales shall be sent to the chairman of [ORG]. In keeping with the committee's intention to see that relevant information is still available to the full Senate, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Record the notifications that have bee... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-08T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-08-pt1-PgS62-2 | 85 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_003997 | To place 4 runners in the top 15 was just an exceptional effort and one that other teams could not match. Madam Speaker, I once again congratulate the 2024 [PERSON] County boys cross country team. Virginia's Sixth Congressional District is incredibly proud of their accomplishment, and I wish them continued success in t... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH119-2 | 55 | [
"glittering_generalities"
] | exceptional effort and one that other teams could not match |
crec_004102 | Open our hearts to Your wisdom, to understand the problems, to discern the solutions, and to respond to each one as You would respond. May the perceptions of our world, the reception of those whom we meet, and the interpretation of the work You would have us do reflect that we are willing and open to learn the unforced... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH124-3 | 78 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_008754 | This particular bill is very troubling in how it impacts children. I am troubled that a bill of such consequence and, quite frankly, legal complexity was brought to the floor without going through a committee. Really, here in the Senate, the way to do responsible work on complicated, consequential bills is to have them... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgS198 | 79 | [
"appeal_to_authority",
"loaded_language"
] | emphasis on committee expertise and 'experts necessary' combined with loaded language describing the bill as 'troubling,' 'of such consequence,' and demonstrating 'legal complexity' |
crec_004646 | Witnesses may be accompanied at a deposition by two designated personal, nongovernmental attorneys to advise them of their rights. Only members, committee staff designated by the chair or ranking minority member, an official reporter, the witness, and the witness's two designated attorneys are permitted to attend. Othe... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH146 | 55 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_006389 | By [SPEAKER]: H.R. 405. Congress has the power to enact this legislation pursuant to the following: Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 provides Congress with the power to `lay and collect [ORG], Duties, Imposts and Excises' in order to `provide for the general Welfare of the United States. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgH186-3 | 61 | [
"appeal_to_authority"
] | Congress has the power to enact this legislation pursuant to the following: Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 |
crec_001803 | The Vice President would be the tiebreaker. The Vice President would have said to the world that we passed [PERSON] , and I was proud to break the tie. We passed [PERSON] in Policing Act; I was proud to break the tie. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-09T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-09-pt1-PgH82 | 51 | [
"repetition"
] | The Vice President would have said/I was proud to break the tie repeated twice in succession to emphasize the tiebreaking role |
crec_001275 | Additionally, [ORG] is a member of various industry organizations, such as [ORG], where [PERSON] served as the president. The company is also a member of [ORG] as well as [ORG]. In December 2022, [PERSON] was awarded the North Iowa Area Community College Entrepreneur of the Month. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-08T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-08-pt1-PgS65 | 59 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_007433 | THE [ORG] [SPEAKER]. The [ORG] has examined [ORG] proceedings and announces to the House the approval thereof. Pursuant to clause 1 of rule I, the [ORG] stands approved. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgH189-3 | 46 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_009343 | Mr. President, first, a few words on [ORG]. A few days ago, [ORG] made a ridiculous proposal that Congress should extend the [ORG] caps after they are set to expire this year by imposing a new cap on New York businesses, large and small, and the businesses in many other States. The proposal by [ORG] is ridiculous, and ... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-17T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-17-pt1-PgS237-5 | 83 | [
"loaded_language",
"name_calling"
] | describing the proposal as 'ridiculous' twice in quick succession, characterizing it dismissively without detailed substantive argument |
crec_007015 | They have a right to say it is unconstitutional. It hasn't been ruled on yet. It hasn't been ruled on. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgS161 | 20 | [
"repetition"
] | It hasn't been ruled on yet. It hasn't been ruled on. |
crec_002240 | Senator [PERSON] was there as well, and as a matter of fact, I think Senator [PERSON] texted him either during or right after the game. I am not sure. He will tell us. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-09T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-09-pt1-PgS69-6 | 33 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_002296 | I yield the floor. [SPEAKER]. Thank you, Mr. President. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-09T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-09-pt1-PgS69-6 | 9 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_009791 | [ORG] ON INTELLIGENCE [ORG] is authorized to meet during the session of the Senate on Monday, January 20, 2025, at 4:45 p.m., to conduct a closed business meeting. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-20T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-20-pt1-PgS252-7 | 33 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_005899 | Yet, due to its unique political status, even as our seventh largest trading partner, we do not have a formal tax arrangement in place with Taiwan. This bipartisan legislation before us today would finally change that. This bill makes necessary changes to our tax code to provide much-needed certainty to businesses and ... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgH160-6 | 57 | [
"glittering_generalities"
] | much-needed certainty to businesses and workers |
crec_009092 | It actually is the smallest population [ORG] in the country. Our population is clearly just a fraction of Los Angeles, but these were big fires. Yet we can learn lessons from each other on how to prevent the next fire. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgS227-3 | 40 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_007846 | Here is the kicker. Just this month, a study revealed that the snail darter was not a distinct species. It wasn't a distinct species. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgH206-2 | 24 | [
"repetition",
"doubt"
] | It wasn't a distinct species. It wasn't a distinct species. - the repeated assertion casts doubt on the validity of previous claims about species distinctiveness |
crec_008542 | And let me begin by just taking a step back for a second and acknowledging that, even before the winds increased last week, we knew that the risk of a potential large fire was high. In the midst of a historically dry season in Southern California, forecasters predicted hurricane-force winds, along with little to no hum... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgS198 | 82 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_006994 | What is going to be different? [ORG] has had 270 days, and rather than making legitimate attempts to find a buyer--and, by the way, you all recall the news stories when this law was being discussed and being passed. There were a number of Americans who said they would be interested in buying them. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgS161 | 54 | [
"appeal_to_authority",
"loaded_language"
] | reference to 'news stories' and 'a number of Americans' as external validation; 'legitimate attempts' uses loaded language to imply current efforts are illegitimate |
crec_003160 | 201. [ORG]. In this title: (1) In general.--Except as otherwise specifically provided, any term used in this section that is used in the immigration laws shall have the meaning given such term in the immigration laws. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgS92-2 | 36 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_001394 | We have international humanitarian law to prevent this kind and this scale of destruction. Just because someone doesn't like the law doesn't mean they get to break the law. As a court of last resort, the [ORG] can only become involved when and where a country has demonstrated unwillingness or inability to hold its peop... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-09T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-09-pt1-PgH67-6 | 63 | [
"appeal_to_authority"
] | references to international humanitarian law and the institutional authority of the [ORG] as 'court of last resort' to enforce accountability |
crec_005712 | What we see with its implementation in my home [ORG] of California and many other areas around this country, especially in the West, is significant misinterpretation of it. Indeed, it has been weaponized to stop many things that would be good for people, even for the environment. We are talking about forestry, forestry... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgH156 | 64 | [
"loaded_language",
"appeal_to_fear"
] | 'weaponized to stop many things that would be good for people' and 'lands safer and less fire prone' |
crec_006033 | New Mexican firefighters are there helping, and Congress must also help without placing conditions on emergency disaster aid. Let's act as one United States in the face of this disaster. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgH172-4 | 30 | [
"flag_waving",
"appeal_to_authority"
] | act as one United States in the face of this disaster |
crec_003951 | The [PERSON] administration EPA has granted the necessary waiver very recently at the end of this era, allowing CARB to enforce this mandate at the State of California level, which sets a precedent that can lead to similar bans in other States across the country. Believe me, it will happen. Several other States are alr... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH117 | 58 | [
"appeal_to_authority",
"loaded_language"
] | EPA has granted the necessary waiver; Believe me, it will happen |
crec_004956 | Let's give it to families in installments that they can use across the year as they go out there and earn a living and pay their taxes. And we ought to make the credit available to expecting parents as well. We should say that parents who are expecting children, a child not yet born, ought to be able to claim that tax ... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgS130-5 | 84 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_004122 | I know that because of their efforts, these wildfires will soon be contained. There is no doubt that their swift action saved lives. I join Senators [PERSON] , [PERSON] , and 46 of my Democratic and Republican colleagues urging President [PERSON] to grant Governor [PERSON] 's request for a major disaster declaration. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH125-2 | 50 | [
"appeal_to_authority",
"bandwagon"
] | 46 colleagues urging President and appeal to Governor's authority; framing broad bipartisan support |
crec_006753 | So we could have had a bipartisan conversation that could have reflected our values, lowered the overall corporate tax rate, and found a way to get rid of loopholes so corporations don't find a way to exempt themselves from taxes when the average police officer is paying higher taxes than some of the biggest corporatio... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgS161 | 129 | [
"loaded_language",
"appeal_to_authority"
] | tax plan benefits working Americans, proven way to grow the economy, most powerful points |
crec_009348 | Now, the task is to ensure that this temporary agreement paves the way to a lasting peace. This first phase is critical for bringing home all the hostages and preserving Israel's right to defend itself. We must make sure that the terrorists of [ORG] can never again pose a threat to Israel or to the region. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-17T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-17-pt1-PgS237-5 | 56 | [
"loaded_language",
"appeal_to_fear"
] | use of 'terrorists' and framing group as an existential threat that 'can never again pose a threat' combines emotionally charged language with fear-based rhetoric |
crec_001899 | A bill to authorize the waiver of costs of activities relating to evacuation of United States citizens when their lives are endangered by war or acts of terrorism; to [ORG]. By [SPEAKER] (for herself, Mrs. [PERSON] , Ms. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] of Texas, Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-09T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-09-pt1-PgH87-2 | 144 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_006613 | What makes this story all the more devastating was that the killer should have been stopped but wasn't. He should have been stopped at the border in 2022, but he was paroled into this country. He should have been detained when he was arrested in New York in 2023 but wasn't. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgS161 | 51 | [
"appeal_to_fear",
"loaded_language"
] | devastating...killer should have been stopped but wasn't; repeated emphasis on failures to detain/stop creates emotional weight and fear narrative |
crec_005093 | A bill to amend [ORG] and Control Act of 1998 to address harmful algal blooms, and for other purposes; to [ORG], and [ORG]. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgS139-3 | 33 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_002993 | [ORG], a writer and comedian from my home [ORG], currently residing in Los Angeles, said: Here in Los Angeles I know I personally--and I know so many other people have been relying on this app during the fires. It is a way in which we are spreading [information that the] community [needs], it is a way in which we are s... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgS85-2 | 92 | [
"glittering_generalities"
] | spreading information that the community needs, spreading resources |
crec_008363 | And people are going to ask: Are my prescription drugs going to get more expensive? They are going to ask: Will our broken tax system become even more unfair under President [PERSON] in a way that rigs the system for the ultrawealthy? These are the questions Americans care about. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgS198 | 49 | [
"loaded_language",
"appeal_to_fear"
] | prescription drugs going to get more expensive; broken tax system; rigs the system for the ultrawealthy |
crec_006656 | On January 31--so at the end of this month--marks 9 years since Iowans Michelle Root and [PERSON] , whom I know personally, woke up to every parent's worst nightmare. Their daughter, [PERSON] , was killed by a drunk driver who was an illegal immigrant. [PERSON] --and she is a beautiful, young woman. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgS161 | 50 | [
"appeal_to_fear",
"loaded_language"
] | every parent's worst nightmare; killed by a drunk driver who was an illegal immigrant |
crec_009337 | For sure, it is out of step with the American people. The American people want to see an end to open borders and the chaos they have brought to communities around the country--communities like Athens, [ORG], where [PERSON] was murdered last February. [PERSON] death was a tragedy, and it was preventable. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-17T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-17-pt1-PgS237-5 | 53 | [
"appeal_to_fear",
"loaded_language"
] | open borders and the chaos they have brought to communities around the country |
crec_005927 | The United States and Taiwan should help support each other's democracies through collaboration on countering disinformation and propaganda. We should go further to strengthen one another's economies through increased flows of trade and investment by negotiating expanded market access, common rules, and the end of this... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgH160-6 | 67 | [
"glittering_generalities"
] | support each other's democracies through collaboration on countering disinformation and propaganda |
crec_004420 | Let's talk about ways to champion opportunities in sports for all women and girls. We celebrated the 50th anniversary of Title IX 2 years ago, which protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs or activities. Under [ORG], we have seen a considerable increase in the number of female students pa... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH126 | 85 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_001325 | On August 31, 1988, while flying a Lake LA-250 Renegade aircraft with an internal combustion engine, Mr. [PERSON] broke two world records by reaching an altitude of 7,468 meters during a horizontal flight and 7,498 meters of altitude overall. For 36 years, those records have stood unbroken, and to this day have helped ... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-09T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-09-pt1-PgH66-5 | 82 | [
"flag_waving",
"glittering_generalities"
] | helped the United States maintain its place as a world leader in aviation; For Mr. [PERSON]'s achievements for our country |
crec_000076 | Committee on the Judiciary: Mr. [PERSON] , Chair. Committee on Natural Resources: Mr. [PERSON] , [ORG]. Committee on [ORG]: Mr. [PERSON] , [ORG]. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-06T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-06-pt1-PgH48 | 23 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_002790 | Mr. [PERSON] , today, January 13 in Washington, we are in a little bit of a hiatus waiting for a new administration and a new Congress to begin the process of bringing forward new policy proposals and a budget. In the meantime, in the last 13 days, we have seen, I think, groundbreaking, exciting developments for the pe... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgH95-4 | 84 | [
"glittering_generalities"
] | groundbreaking, exciting developments for the people of this country |
crec_008906 | Written notices of [ORG] meetings, accompanied by an agenda, enumerating the items of business to be considered, shall be sent to all [ORG] Members at least one week in advance of such meetings. The written notices required by this [PERSON] may be provided by electronic mail. In the event that unforeseen requirements o... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgS218-2 | 96 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_003017 | [SPEAKER]. Objection having been heard, the bill will be placed on the calendar. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgS85 | 13 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_002788 | MORNING-HOUR DEBATE [SPEAKER]. Pursuant to the order of [ORG], the [ORG] will now recognize Members from lists submitted by the majority and minority leaders for morning-hour debate. The [ORG] will alternate recognition between the parties, with time equally allocated between the parties and each Member other than the ... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgH95-3 | 88 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_003772 | 1801 et seq. ), not later than 60 days after filing proof of service of the complaint, a party to the lawsuit may file a request with [ORG] to assist the parties in reaching a satisfactory resolution of all issues involving all parties to the dispute. (C) Notice.--Upon filing a request under subparagraph (B) and giving... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgS96-2 | 107 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_009928 | Thank You for the freedoms we cherish, for the strength of our communities, and for the resilience of our spirit. As our President and Vice President embrace their newly appointed roles, we humbly implore that Your everlasting love and wisdom will envelope them. Grant them the clarity of mind to navigate the challenges... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-20T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-20-pt1-PgS252-8 | 67 | [
"glittering_generalities",
"flag_waving"
] | freedoms we cherish, strength of our communities, resilience of our spirit |
crec_002438 | Mr. [PERSON] , I reserve the balance of my time. [SPEAKER]. Mr. [PERSON] , I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from Mississippi (Mr. [PERSON] ), the bill's sponsor. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-13T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-13-pt1-PgH100 | 26 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_009001 | He first joined 4-H in Chickasaw County, MS, at the age of 10 and later worked for [ORG] for 33 years. He served multiple roles on the [ORG] and was instrumental in the development of the Mississippi 4-H Learning Center and [PERSON] . He was inducted into [ORG] in 2011. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgS223-3 | 64 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_009605 | If angels must veil their faces in Your presence, shouldn't we mere mortals embrace referential awe? Empower our Senators to be strong and courageous as they make loyalty to You their highest priority. Lord, smile on them with Your blessings, for You are the author and finisher of our salvation. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-20T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-20-pt1-PgS245-2 | 50 | [
"appeal_to_authority",
"glittering_generalities"
] | invocation of divine authority and reference to God as 'author and finisher of our salvation' to legitimize political action; use of abstract virtues like 'strong and courageous' and 'loyalty' |
crec_000868 | By simply reducing payment errors for the SNAP payments, for example, we could save an estimated $100 billion. By implementing a real work requirement for means-tested programs like Congress did back during the [PERSON] Presidency, we could save an incredible amount of money for the American people and help ease inflat... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-08T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-08-pt1-PgS46-3 | 79 | [
"glittering_generalities",
"loaded_language"
] | phrases like 'save an estimated $100 billion,' 'incredible amount of money,' and 'help ease inflation' make vague, appealing claims without detailed explanation of mechanisms or trade-offs |
crec_004348 | Let's talk about what enforcement looks like because, Mr. [PERSON] , you don't want to talk about it. We know there is only one logical conclusion to this. This is interrogation of young girls about their bodies. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH126 | 36 | [
"loaded_language",
"appeal_to_fear",
"strawman"
] | characterizing enforcement as 'interrogation of young girls about their bodies' uses inflammatory language to misrepresent and exaggerate the opposing position |
crec_005630 | Through the work of [ORG], Miss [PERSON] has touched the lives of more than 20,000 women and children, helping them to walk forward with faith-driven hope for the future. Guided by her abiding faith in God and her steadfast belief in the value of human life, Miss [PERSON] made it her mission to spread empowerment, hope... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-15T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-15-pt1-PgH152 | 89 | [
"glittering_generalities",
"flag_waving"
] | extraordinary life, faith-driven hope, empowerment, hope, and redemption, humanitarian studies |
crec_004218 | How many of history's most prolific female athletes would never have reached such heights if they were forced to compete against biological males? When will Democrats learn that the American people fundamentally reject their radical agenda? A [ORG] poll recently said 70 percent of the American people believe we should ... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-14T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-14-pt1-PgH126 | 53 | [
"loaded_language",
"false_dichotomy",
"appeal_to_authority"
] | framing as 'forced to compete against biological males' and 'radical agenda'; presenting poll as definitive answer; posing as binary choice between protecting women's sports or accepting Democratic agenda |
crec_000092 | By [SPEAKER] (for himself, Mr. [PERSON] , Ms. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mrs. [PERSON] of Virginia, Mrs. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] of Colorado, Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mr. [PERSON] , Mrs. [PERSON] of South Carolina, Mr. [PERSON] of Florida, Ms. [PERSON] , M... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-06T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-06-pt1-PgH49-4 | 79 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_001285 | ORDERS FOR THURSDAY, JANUARY 9, 2025 [SPEAKER]. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that when the Senate completes its business today, it stand adjourned until 1 p.m. on Thursday, January 9; that following the prayer and pledge, the [ORG] of proceedings be approved to date, the morning hour be deemed expired, the ... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-08T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-08-pt1-PgS67-2 | 125 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_008989 | Those who knew her will cherish and strive to continue her legacy. | US Congressional Record (public domain) | senate | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgS222-2 | 12 | [
"none"
] | |
crec_007492 | The consequences of these policies are not hypotheticals or simply numbers. They are a reality for families across the country, and they are emblematic of the [PERSON] -[PERSON] administration's war on women. Last September, [ORG] heard from three mothers whose daughters were brutally assaulted and murdered by illegal ... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgH191-3 | 62 | [
"loaded_language",
"appeal_to_fear",
"name_calling"
] | war on women, brutally assaulted and murdered, welcomed into the country |
crec_007522 | Once again, in the inadmissibility context, this transposition can have severe consequences. Imagine a domestic violence victim covered by DACA who flees her abuser and removes half of the money from their joint bank account, enough to get a train or bus ticket to get away. Imagine the abuser calls the police and claim... | US Congressional Record (public domain) | house | 2025-01-16T00:00:00 | CREC-2025-01-16-pt1-PgH191-3 | 64 | [
"appeal_to_fear"
] | Imagine a domestic violence victim covered by DACA who flees her abuser and removes half of the money from their joint bank account... Imagine the abuser calls the police and claims that she stole money |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Congress PSYOP Dataset: Rhetorical Influence Techniques in US Congressional Floor Speech
6,925 chunks of US Congressional floor speech (119th Congress, January 6-20, 2025), annotated for 13 rhetorical and psychological influence techniques.
Provenance & Licensing
- Source: US Congressional Record (daily edition), retrieved via the official govinfo.gov API published by the US Government Publishing Office.
- Copyright status: The Congressional Record is a work of the United States Government and is in the public domain (17 U.S.C. § 105). This dataset is released under CC0 1.0.
- Chain of custody: govinfo.gov API -> HTML granules -> cleaning/chunking -> anonymization -> LLM annotation. Fully auditable; no scraped or ToS-restricted content.
Anonymization Methodology
To focus the dataset on rhetorical technique rather than individual speakers, and to prevent misuse for targeting individuals, all speaker identities were removed via a three-pass pipeline:
- Structural pass: Congressional Record speaker conventions (e.g., honorific + surname patterns, procedural roles) replaced with
[SPEAKER]. - NER pass: spaCy named-entity recognition replacing person names with
[PERSON]and organization names with[ORG], with a whitelist preserving institutional terms (Congress, Senate, federal agencies) needed for rhetorical meaning. - Roster pass: Exhaustive scrub against the official roster of current members of Congress (unitedstates/congress-legislators) plus prominent executive-branch and international figures.
A verification scan confirmed zero occurrences of scrubbed surnames in the released text. Note: because source documents are public records, determined re-identification is possible; anonymization here serves dataset focus and responsible-use goals, not privacy of non-public individuals.
Schema
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
id |
string | Unique row id (crec_NNNNNN) |
text |
string | Anonymized speech chunk (1-3 sentences) |
labels |
list[string] | 1-3 technique labels from the taxonomy |
evidence |
string | Annotator-cited phrase supporting the primary label |
source |
string | Provenance statement |
chamber |
string | house, senate, or other |
date |
string | Date of the floor proceedings (YYYY-MM-DD) |
granule_id |
string | govinfo granule id (enables full audit back to source) |
word_count |
int | Chunk length in words |
Taxonomy
| Label | Description |
|---|---|
none |
No influence technique present |
loaded_language |
Emotionally charged words/phrases to influence perception |
appeal_to_fear |
Invoking fear or threat to drive agreement |
appeal_to_authority |
Citing authority figures/institutions as proof |
glittering_generalities |
Vague, emotionally appealing virtue words |
flag_waving |
Appeals to patriotism or group identity |
false_dichotomy |
Presenting only two options when more exist |
strawman |
Misrepresenting an opponent's position |
repetition |
Repeating a message to reinforce acceptance |
bandwagon |
Appeal to popularity or momentum |
doubt |
Undermining credibility without evidence |
ad_hominem |
Attacking the person rather than the argument |
whataboutism |
Deflecting criticism by pointing to others' faults |
name_calling |
Attaching negative labels to targets |
Label Distribution
Multi-label: rows may carry up to 3 labels, so percentages exceed 100%.
| Label | Count | % of rows |
|---|---|---|
none |
2904 | 41.9% |
loaded_language |
2190 | 31.6% |
appeal_to_fear |
1430 | 20.6% |
glittering_generalities |
1021 | 14.7% |
appeal_to_authority |
778 | 11.2% |
flag_waving |
695 | 10.0% |
false_dichotomy |
428 | 6.2% |
strawman |
230 | 3.3% |
repetition |
184 | 2.7% |
bandwagon |
183 | 2.6% |
doubt |
102 | 1.5% |
ad_hominem |
100 | 1.4% |
whataboutism |
74 | 1.1% |
name_calling |
56 | 0.8% |
Annotation Process
- Annotator: Claude Haiku (
claude-haiku-4-5, Anthropic API), single-annotator setup with a constrained label set, structured JSON output, and per-label evidence citation. - Quality controls: labels validated against the closed taxonomy; malformed responses recovered via fallback parsing or retried; final malformed rate ~0.3%.
- Unit: 1-3 sentence chunks; procedural text, bill/statute text, and headers filtered out prior to annotation.
Splits
| Split | Rows |
|---|---|
| train | 5,540 |
| test | 1,385 |
Random 80/20 split, seed 42.
Limitations & Intended Use
- Single LLM annotator: no inter-annotator agreement scores; labels reflect one model's judgment under a fixed prompt. Suitable for training/benchmarking detection models and exploratory rhetoric research; not a gold-standard human-adjudicated corpus.
- Domain: formal US legislative floor speech, two-week window (Jan 6-20, 2025), including electoral certification and inauguration-adjacent debate — a rhetorically dense but topically narrow slice.
- Label imbalance: rare classes (
name_calling,whataboutism,ad_hominem) have <110 examples each. - Intended use: research and education on rhetorical influence detection. Not intended for targeting, profiling, or characterizing specific individuals; speaker identities were deliberately removed.
Related Work
Part of a series of influence-technique datasets and models: see LeTG/llama-3p1-8B-psyop-analysis and companion datasets on this profile.
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