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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: CastError
Message: Couldn't cast
source_lines: int64
english_entries: int64
records: int64
skipped_no_etymology: int64
pairs: list<item: struct<mechanism: string, source_language: string, source_code: string, source_term: stri (... 38 chars omitted)
child 0, item: struct<mechanism: string, source_language: string, source_code: string, source_term: string, templat (... 26 chars omitted)
child 0, mechanism: string
child 1, source_language: string
child 2, source_code: string
child 3, source_term: string
child 4, template: string
child 5, detail: string
word: string
parts_of_speech: list<item: string>
child 0, item: string
display_word: string
etymology_texts: list<item: string>
child 0, item: string
mechanisms: list<item: string>
child 0, item: string
source_languages: list<item: string>
child 0, item: string
to
{'word': Value('string'), 'display_word': Value('string'), 'parts_of_speech': List(Value('string')), 'etymology_texts': List(Value('string')), 'pairs': List({'mechanism': Value('string'), 'source_language': Value('string'), 'source_code': Value('string'), 'source_term': Value('string'), 'template': Value('string'), 'detail': Value('string')}), 'source_languages': List(Value('string')), 'mechanisms': List(Value('string'))}
because column names don't match
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1779, in _prepare_split_single
for key, table in generator:
^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 299, in _generate_tables
self._cast_table(pa_table, json_field_paths=json_field_paths),
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 128, in _cast_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2321, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2249, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
source_lines: int64
english_entries: int64
records: int64
skipped_no_etymology: int64
pairs: list<item: struct<mechanism: string, source_language: string, source_code: string, source_term: stri (... 38 chars omitted)
child 0, item: struct<mechanism: string, source_language: string, source_code: string, source_term: string, templat (... 26 chars omitted)
child 0, mechanism: string
child 1, source_language: string
child 2, source_code: string
child 3, source_term: string
child 4, template: string
child 5, detail: string
word: string
parts_of_speech: list<item: string>
child 0, item: string
display_word: string
etymology_texts: list<item: string>
child 0, item: string
mechanisms: list<item: string>
child 0, item: string
source_languages: list<item: string>
child 0, item: string
to
{'word': Value('string'), 'display_word': Value('string'), 'parts_of_speech': List(Value('string')), 'etymology_texts': List(Value('string')), 'pairs': List({'mechanism': Value('string'), 'source_language': Value('string'), 'source_code': Value('string'), 'source_term': Value('string'), 'template': Value('string'), 'detail': Value('string')}), 'source_languages': List(Value('string')), 'mechanisms': List(Value('string'))}
because column names don't match
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1347, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 980, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 882, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 943, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1646, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1832, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
word string | display_word string | parts_of_speech list | etymology_texts list | pairs list | source_languages list | mechanisms list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dictionary | dictionary | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *deyḱ-\nProto-Indo-European *déyḱeti\nProto-Italic *deikō\nClassical Latin dīcō\nProto-Indo-European *-tis\nProto-Indo-European *-Hō\nProto-Indo-European *-tiHō\nProto-Italic *-tiō\nClassical Latin -tiō\nClassical Latin dictiō\nProto-Indo-European *-yósder.\nProto-Italic *-āsjos... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "dixionare",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English dixionare"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "dictiōnāri... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
free | free | [
"adj",
"adv",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *preyH-\nProto-Indo-European *-ós\nProto-Indo-European *priHós\nProto-Germanic *frijwaz\nProto-West Germanic *friu\nOld English frēo\nMiddle English fre\nEnglish free\nFrom Middle English free, fre, freo, from Old English frēo (“free”), from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "free",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English free"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "frēo",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
thesaurus | thesaurus | [
"noun"
] | [
"16th century, borrowed from Latin thēsaurus, from Ancient Greek θησαυρός (thēsaurós, “storehouse, treasure”); its current English usage/meaning was established soon after the publication of Peter Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases in 1852. Doublet of treasure."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "thēsaurus",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "borrowed from Latin thēsaurus"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "θησαυρός",
... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
encyclopedia | encyclopedia | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁én\nAncient Greek ἐν (en)\nAncient Greek ἐν- (en-)\nProto-Indo-European *kʷel-\nProto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos\nAncient Greek κύκλος (kúklos)\nProto-Indo-European *-yósder.\nAncient Greek -ιος (-ios)\nAncient Greek ἐγκύκλῐος (enkúklĭos)\nProto-Indo-European *peh₂w-der.\nProto-... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-new",
"source_term": "encyclopēdīa, encyclopaedīa",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from New Latin encyclopēdīa, encyclopaedīa (“general education”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": ... | [
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
portmanteau | portmanteau | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle French portemanteau (“coat stand”), from porte (“carries”, third-person singular present indicative of porter (“to carry”)) + manteau (“coat”), literally “[that which] carries coat”."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "portemanteau",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Middle French portemanteau (“coat stand”)"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
encyclopaedia | encyclopaedia | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from New Latin encyclopaedia; the English word is an etymologically restored spelling variant of earlier encyclopedia, q.v."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-new",
"source_term": "encyclopaedia",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from New Latin encyclopaedia"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
cat | cat | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *kattuz\nProto-West Germanic *kattu\nOld English catt\nMiddle English cat\nEnglish cat\nFrom Middle English cat, catte, from Old English catt (“male cat”), catte (“female cat”), from Proto-West Germanic *kattu, from Proto-Germanic *kattuz, generally thought to be from Late Latin catt... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "cat",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English cat"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "catt",
"template"... | [
"English",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
gratis | gratis | [
"adj",
"adv"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latin gratis."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "gratis",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Latin gratis"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
word | word | [
"noun",
"verb",
"intj"
] | [
"From Middle English word, from Old English word, from Proto-West Germanic *word, from Proto-Germanic *wurdą (“word”), from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om (“word”), from *werh₁- (“to say, speak”). Doublet of verb, verve, and vort; further related to vrata.\nCognates\nCognate with Scots wird (“word”), North Frisian ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "word",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English word"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "Proto-Germanic",
"source_code": "gmw-pro",
"source_term": "*word",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
livre | livre | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French livre. Doublet of arratel, libbra, Libra, libra, lira, litra, litre, and rottol."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "livre",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French livre"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
book | book | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵosder.?\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-der.?\nProto-Germanic *bōks\nProto-West Germanic *bōk\nOld English bōc\nMiddle English bok\nEnglish book\nFrom Middle English bok, book, from Old English bōc, from Proto-West Germanic *bōk, from Proto-Germanic *bōks. Bookmaker sense by... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "bok",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English bok"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "bōc",
"template":... | [
"English",
"German",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
pound | pound | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English pound, from Old English pund (“a pound, weight”), from Proto-West Germanic *pund, from Proto-Germanic *pundą (“pound, weight”), an early borrowing from Latin pondō (“by weight”), ablative form of pondus (“weight”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to pull, stretch”).\nCognate with Dutch pon... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "pound",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English pound"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "pund",
"templ... | [
"English",
"German",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
pond | pond | [
"noun",
"name",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English pond, ponde (“pond, pool”), probably from Old English *pond, *pand (attested in placenames), a variant of *pund (“enclosure”). Doublet of pound.",
"* As an English surname, from both senses of the noun pound.\n* As a German and north/Low German surname, Americanized from Pfund and Pund respec... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "pond",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English pond"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "*pond",
"templa... | [
"English",
"German"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
pie | pie | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English pye, pie, pey (“baked dish, filled pastry”), possibly attested earlier (c. 1199) in the surname Piehus (“pie-house?”). Further origin uncertain.\nRelation to Middle English pie, pye (“magpie”) has been suggested due to correspondences between other similar foods and the names of birds (compare ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "pye",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English pye"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "pie",
"template": "d... | [
"English",
"French",
"Hindi",
"Latin",
"Sanskrit",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
a | A | [
"character",
"num",
"noun",
"article",
"prep",
"verb",
"pron",
"adv",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English and Old English upper case letter A and split of Middle English and Old English upper case letter Æ.\n* The Old English letters A and Æ replaced the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letters ᚪ (a, “āc”) and ᚫ (æ, “æsc”), derived from the Runic letter ᚫ (a, “Ansuz”), in the 7th century.",
"The letter name i... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "a",
"template": "inh",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Russian"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
crow | crow | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English crowe, from Old English crāwe, from Proto-West Germanic *krāā, from Proto-Germanic *krēǭ (compare West Frisian krie, Dutch kraai, German Krähe), from *krēaną (“to crow”). See below.",
"The verb is from Middle English crowen, from Old English crāwan (past tense crēow, past participle crāwen), ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "crowe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English crowe"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "crāwe",
"temp... | [
"English",
"French",
"Irish",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"calqued",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
raven | raven | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English raven, reven (“raven (Corvus corax); carrion crow (Corvus corone); rook (Corvus frugilegus) (?); the constellation Corvus; gall nuts of the Aleppo oak (Quercus infectoria) used to make black ink”), from Old English hræfn (“raven”), from Proto-West Germanic *hrabn (“raven”), from Proto-Germanic ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "raven",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English raven"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "hræfn",
"temp... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
elephant | elephant | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English elefant, elefaunt, from Old French elefant, elefan, olifant, re-latinized in Middle French as elephant, from Latin elephantus, from Ancient Greek ἐλέφᾱς (eléphās) (gen. ἐλέφαντος (eléphantos)). Believed to be derived from an Afroasiatic form such as Proto-Berber *eḷu (“elephant”) (compare Tamah... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "elefant",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English elefant"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "elefant",
"t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
brown | brown | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English broun, from Old English brūn (“brown; dark; dusky”), from Proto-West Germanic *brūn, from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH-. Doublet of bruin.\nCognates\n* Dutch bruin\n* German braun\n* Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish brun\n* Ancient Greek φρύνη ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "broun",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English broun"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "brūn",
"templ... | [
"English",
"German",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
december | December | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *déḱm̥\nProto-Italic *dekəm\nLatin decem\nLatin December\nLatin decemberbor.\nOld French decembrebor.\nMiddle English December\nEnglish December\nFrom Middle English December, Decembre, from Old French decembre, from Latin december (“tenth month”), from Latin decem (“ten”); + La... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "December",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English December"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "decembre",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
floccinaucinihilipilification | floccinaucinihilipilification | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin floccus (“a wisp”) + naucum (“a trifle”) + nihilum (“nothing”) + pilus (“a hair”) + -fication.\nA jocular coinage, apparently by pupils at Eton College, combining a number of Latin word stems. The word was inspired by a line present in various editions of William Lily's (c. 1468–1522) Latin grammars pub... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
month | month | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *meh₁-?\nProto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥sder.\nProto-Germanic *mēnōþs\nProto-West Germanic *mānōþ\nOld English mōnaþ\nMiddle English mon(e)th\nEnglish month\nFrom Middle English mon(e)th, from Old English mōnaþ, from Proto-West Germanic *mānōþ, from Proto-Germanic *mēnōþs (“month”),... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "moneth",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English mon(e)th"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "mōnaþ",
"... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
january | January | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *yeh₂-der.\nLatin iānus\nLatin Iānus\nProto-Indo-European *-yósder.\nProto-Italic *-āsjos\nLatin -arius\nLatin Iānuāriusder.\nAnglo-Norman geneverbor.\nMiddle English Janevere\nMiddle English Januarie\nEnglish January\nFrom Middle English Januarie, januari, re-latinised forms of... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Januarie",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Januarie"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "genever",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
february | February | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ-der.\nLatin februum\nLatin Februa\nProto-Indo-European *-yósder.\nProto-Italic *-āsjos\nLatin -arius\nLatin Februāriusder.\nMiddle English Februarie\nEnglish February\nFrom Middle English Februarie, februari, februare, from Latin Februārius (“the month of the Februa”), f... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Februarie",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Februarie"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Februārius",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
march | march | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English marchen, from Middle French marcher (“to march, walk”), from Old French marchier (“to stride, to march, to trample”), from Frankish *markōn (“to mark, mark out, to press with the foot”), from Proto-Germanic *markōną (“to mark”). Akin to Old English mearc, ġemearc (“mark, boundary”). Compare mar... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "marchen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English marchen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "marcher",
"t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
april | April | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nAncient Greek Ᾰ̓φροδῑ́τη (Ăphrodī́tē)der.\nEtruscan 𐌖𐌓𐌐𐌀 (urpa)der.?\nLatin Aprīlisder.\nOld French avrillbor.\nMiddle English Averil\nMiddle English Aprill\nEnglish April\nFrom Middle English apprile, Aprill, re-Latinised from Middle English aueril, from Old French avrill, from Latin Aprīlis (... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "apprile",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English apprile"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "avrill",
"te... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
may | may | [
"verb",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English mowen, mayen, moȝen, maȝen, from Old English magan, from Proto-West Germanic *magan, from Proto-Germanic *maganą, from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ-.\nCognate with Dutch mag (“may”, first- and third-person singular of mogen (“to be able to, be allowed to, may”)), Low German mögen, German mag (“lik... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "mowen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English mowen"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "magan",
"temp... | [
"Chinese",
"Dutch",
"English",
"French",
"German",
"Irish",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Polish",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
june | June | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *dyew-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ey-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂óyuder.?\nProto-Indo-European *-Hōder.\nLatin Iūnō\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Italic *-ios\nOld Latin -ios\nLatin -ius\nLatin Iūnius\nLatin iūnius\nOld French juinbor.\nMiddle English Juyn\nMiddle English Jun... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "June",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English June"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Juyn",
"template"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
july | July | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nLatin Iūlius\nLatin iūlius\nOld French jule\nAnglo-Norman juliebor.\nMiddle English Julie\nEnglish July\nFrom Middle English Julie, julye, iulius, from Anglo-Norman julie, from Old French jule, juil, from Latin iūlius (Gaius Julius Caesar's month), perhaps a contraction of *Iovilios, \"descended fr... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Julie",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Julie"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "julie",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
august | august | [
"adj",
"name"
] | [
"From French auguste (“noble, stately; august”) or Latin augustus (“majestic, venerable, august; imperial, royal”), from augeō (“to augment, increase; to enlarge, expand, spread”). Doublet of August and Augustus.",
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂weg-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ewg-der.\nLatin augustus\nLati... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "auguste",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French auguste (“noble, stately; august”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "aug... | [
"English",
"French",
"German",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived"
] |
september | September | [
"name"
] | [
"PIE word\n *septḿ̥\nEtymology tree\nProto-Afroasiatic *sṗɣ?\nProto-Semitic *šabʕ-bor.?\nProto-Indo-European *septḿ̥\nProto-Italic *septəm\nLatin septem\nLatin September\nOld French septembreder.\nOld English\nMiddle English\nEnglish September\nFrom Middle English, from late Old English, from Old French septembre, ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
october | October | [
"name",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English, borrowed from Old French octobre, from Latin Octōber (“eighth month”), from Latin octō (“eight”), from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw (“twice four”); + Latin -ber, from -bris, an adjectival suffix; October was the eighth month in the Roman calendar."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "octobre",
"template": "der... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
november | November | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥\nProto-Italic *nowən\nLatin novem\nLatin November\nLatin november\nOld French novembrebor.\nMiddle English Novembre\nEnglish November\nFrom Middle English Novembre, from Old French novembre, from Latin November (“ninth month”), from Latin novem, from Proto-Indo-European... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Novembre",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Novembre"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "novembre",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
day | day | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ-?\nProto-Germanic *dagaz\nProto-West Germanic *dag\nOld English dæġ\nMiddle English day\nEnglish day\nInherited from Middle English day, from Old English dæġ, from Proto-West Germanic *dag, from Proto-Germanic *dagaz (“day”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”)... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "day",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English day"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "dæġ",
"template":... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
monday | Monday | [
"noun",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English Monday, Monenday, from Old English mōnandæġ (“day of the moon”), from Proto-West Germanic *mānini dag, a calque (interpretātiō germānica) of Latin diēs Lūnae, equivalent to Moon + day. See also Japanese 月曜日 (“Moon's day”).\nCognates\nCompare Scots Monanday (“Monday”), Yola Mondei (“Monday”), Sa... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Monday",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Monday"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "mōnandæġ",
... | [
"English",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
tuesday | Tuesday | [
"noun",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English Tewesday, from Old English tīwesdæġ (“Tuesday”), from Proto-West Germanic *Tīwas dag (“Tuesday”, literally “Tiw's Day”).\nThis was a Germanic interpretation of Latin diēs Mārtis, itself a translation of Ancient Greek Ἄρεως ἡμέρα (Áreōs hēméra) (interpretatio romana). Cognate with Scots Tysday (... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Tewesday",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Tewesday"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "tīwesdæġ",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
wednesday | Wednesday | [
"noun",
"name",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English Wednesday, from unattested Old English *wēdnesdæġ (“Wednesday”), synchronically an i-mutated form of attested wōdnesdæġ (itself from Proto-West Germanic *Wōdanas dag, its reflex Middle English Wodnesdei falling into disuse), from Proto-West Germanic *Wōdinas dag also attested in Old Frisian wed... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Wednesday",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Wednesday"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "*wēdnesdæ... | [
"English",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
thursday | Thursday | [
"noun",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English Thursday, Thuresday, from Old English þursdæġ, þuresdæġ (“Thursday”), possibly from a contraction of þunresdæġ (“Thursday”, literally “Thor's day”), but more likely of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse þórsdagr; all from Proto-West Germanic *Þunras dag (“day of the thunder god”). Compare We... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Thursday",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Thursday"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "þursdæġ",
... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
friday | Friday | [
"noun",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English Friday, from Old English frīġedæġ. Compound of Frīġ and dæġ (“day”), from Proto-West Germanic *Frījā dag, a calque of Latin diēs Veneris, via an association (interpretātiō germānica) of the goddess Frigg with the Roman goddess of love Venus. See also friend.\nCompare West Frisian freed, German ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Friday",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Friday"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "frīġedæġ",
... | [
"English",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
saturday | Saturday | [
"noun",
"adv",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English Saterday, from Old English sæterdæġ, earlier sæternesdæġ (“Saterday”, literally “Saturn's day”), from Proto-West Germanic *Sāturnas dag; a translation of Latin diēs Saturnī. Compare West Frisian saterdei (“Saturday”), Dutch zaterdag (“Saturday”), German Low German Saterdag (“Saturday”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Saterday",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Saterday"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "sæterdæġ",
... | [
"English",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
sunday | Sunday | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English Sonday, from Old English sunnandæġ, from Proto-West Germanic *Sunnōn dag (literally “day of the Sun”), equivalent to sun + day, as a calque (interpretātiō germānica) of Latin diēs Sōlis; declared the \"venerable day of the sun\" by Roman Emperor Constantine on March 7, 321 C.E.\nCompare Saterla... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Sonday",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Sonday"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "sunnandæġ",
... | [
"English",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
antonym | antonym | [
"noun"
] | [
"From French antonyme (1840s and 1850s), which was modeled on earlier synonyme and influenced by the etymons of Ancient Greek ἀντωνυμία (antōnumía, “pronoun”); credit for popularization of the French loanword's naturalization into English is given principally to Charles John Smith and his 1867 book Synonyms and Ant... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "antonyme",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French antonyme"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ἀντωνυμία",
"template"... | [
"French",
"Greek"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
connotation | connotation | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Medieval Latin connotātiō, from connotō (“to mark in addition”), from Latin con- (“together, with”) + notō (“to note”); equivalent to connote + -ation."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "connotātiō",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Medieval Latin connotātiō"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "con-",
"... | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
denotation | denotation | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Late Latin dēnotātiō, from Latin dēnotāre (“to denote, mark out”) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns of action), from dē- (“completely”) + notāre (“to mark”); equivalent to denote + -ation."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-lat",
"source_term": "dēnotātiō",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Late Latin dēnotātiō"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "denoto",
"temp... | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
synonym | synonym | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English sinonyme, from Latin synōnymum, from Ancient Greek συνώνυμον (sunṓnumon), neuter singular form of συνώνυμος (sunṓnumos, “synonymous”), from σύν (sún, “with”) + ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”). By surface analysis, syn- + -onym."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "sinonyme",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English sinonyme"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "synōnymum",
"t... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
dialect | dialect | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle French dialecte, from Latin dialectos, dialectus, from Ancient Greek διάλεκτος (diálektos, “conversation, the language of a country or a place or a nation, the local idiom which derives from a dominant language”), from διαλέγομαι (dialégomai, “to participate in a dialogue”), from διά (diá, “inter, thro... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "dialecte",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle French dialecte"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "dialectos",
"tem... | [
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
hyponym | hyponym | [
"noun"
] | [
"From hyp- + -onym or hypo- + -nym; from Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + ὄνυμα (ónuma) (\"appellation\"), a Doric specific dialectal form of ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ὑπό",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under”)"
}
] | [
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
semantics | semantics | [
"noun"
] | [
"From French sémantique, displacing earlier semasiology. From Ancient Greek σημαντικός (sēmantikós). By surface analysis, semantic + -ics."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "sémantique",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French sémantique"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "σημαντικός",
"templ... | [
"French",
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
false friend | false friend | [
"noun"
] | [
"Calque of French faux-ami, from the longer phrase faux amis du traducteur (“false friends of a translator”), first used by Maxime Kœssler and Jules Derocquigny in 1928 in their book Les Faux Amis ou les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais (False Friends, or the Pitfalls of the English Vocabulary)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "faux-ami",
"template": "calque",
"detail": "Calque of French faux-ami"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
noun | noun | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥\nProto-Italic *nōmn̥\nLatin nōmen\nAnglo-Norman noun, non, nombor.\nMiddle English noun\nEnglish noun\nInherited from Middle English noun, from Anglo-Norman noun, non, nom, from Latin nōmen (“name; noun”). The grammatical sense in Latin was a semantic loan from Koine Gr... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "nom",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Anglo-Norman noun, non, nom"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "nōmen",
"templat... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
hour | hour | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English houre, hour, oure, from Old French houre, from Latin hōra (“hour”), from Ancient Greek ὥρα (hṓra, “any time or period, whether of the year, month, or day”), from Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥ (“year, season”). Akin to Old English ġēar (“year”). Doublet of hora and year. Compare horary.\nPartly di... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "houre",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English houre"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "houre",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
minute | minute | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English mynute, minute, mynet, from Old French minute, from Medieval Latin minūta (“60th of an hour; note”). Doublet of menu and menudo.",
"Borrowed from Latin minūtus (“small\", \"petty”), perfect passive participle of minuō (“make smaller”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "mynute",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English mynute"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "minute",
"temp... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
barter | barter | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Late Middle English, from Old French barater."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "barater",
"template": "der... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
etymology | etymology | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *set-?\nAncient Greek ἐτεός (eteós)der.?\nAncient Greek ἔτῠμος (étŭmos)\nProto-Indo-European *leǵ-\nAncient Greek λόγος (lógos)\nAncient Greek -λογος (-logos)\nAncient Greek ἐτῠμόλογος (etŭmólogos)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "ethymologie",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English ethymologie"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "ethimolo... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
swap | swap | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English swappen (“to swap”), originally meaning \"to hurl\" or \"to strike\", the word alludes to striking hands together when making an exchange; probably from Old English *swappian, a secondary form of Old English swāpan (“to swoop”). Cognate with German schwappen (“to slosh, slop”). Compare also Mid... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "swappen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English swappen (“to swap”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "*... | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
trade | trade | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English trade (“path, course of conduct”), introduced into English by Hanseatic merchants, from Middle Low German trade (“track, course”), from Old Saxon trada (“spoor, track”), from Proto-West Germanic *tradu, from Proto-Germanic *tradō (“track, way”), and cognate with Old English tredan (“to tread”);... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "trade",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English trade (“path, course of conduct”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "gml",
"source_... | [
"English",
"German",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
quid pro quo | quid pro quo | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latin quid prō quō (literally “something for something”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "quid prō quō",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin quid prō quō (literally “something for something”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
verb | verb | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English verbe, directly from Latin verbum (“word, verb”), reinforced by Old French verbe, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰo-. Doublet of verve and word."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "verbe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English verbe"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "verbum",
"template... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
adjective | adjective | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English adjectif, adjective, from Old French adjectif, from Latin adiectivus, from adiciō + -īvus, from ad- (“to, towards, at”) + iaciō (“throw”). The Latin word adiectivus in turn was a calque of Ancient Greek ἐπιθετικόν (epithetikón, “added”), a derivative of the compound verb ἐπιτίθημι (epitíthēmi),... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "adjectif",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English adjectif"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "adjectif",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
craft | craft | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *krafjaną\nProto-Indo-European *-tus\nProto-Germanic *-þuz\nProto-Germanic *kraftuz\nProto-West Germanic *kraftu\nOld English cræft\nMiddle English craft\nEnglish craft\nInherited from Middle English craft (“strength, skill”), from Old English cræft (“strength, skill”), from Proto-We... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "craft",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English craft (“strength, skill”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term"... | [
"English",
"German",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
substantive | substantive | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English substantif, from Old French substantif."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "substantif",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English substantif"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "substantif... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
patronage | patronage | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English patronage, from Old French patronage (modern French patronage). Equivalent to patron + -age. Piecewise doublet of patternage."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "patronage",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English patronage"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "patronage",
... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
deal | deal | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adj",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English del, dele, from Old English dǣl (“part, share, portion”), from Proto-West Germanic *daili, from Proto-Germanic *dailiz (“part, deal”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰ(h₁)-oy-lo- (“part, watershed”). Cognate with Scots dele (“part, portion”), West Frisian diel (“part, share”), Dutch deel (“part, sh... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "del",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English del"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "dǣl",
"template":... | [
"English",
"German",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
merchandise | merchandise | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nAnglo-Norman marchaundisebor.\nProto-Italic *merks\nLatin merx\nLatin mercor\nProto-Indo-European *-tus\nProto-Italic *-tus\nLatin -tus\nLatin mercātus\nVulgar Latin *mercātāntem\nVulgar Latin *mercātāntem\nOld French marcheant\nOld French -ise\nOld French marcheandisebor.\nMiddle English marchaund... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "marchaundise",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English marchaundise (“commerce, trading; buying; business transaction, deal; merchandise, goods, wares; possessions”)"
},
{
"mechanism"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
product | product | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *per-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *per-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *pér\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *pró\nProto-Indo-European *pro-\nProto-Italic *pro-\nLatin prō-\nProto-Indo-European *dewk-\nProto-Indo-European *déwkti\nProto-Italic *doukō\nLatin dūcō\nLatin prō... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "product",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English product"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "prōductus",
"t... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
eagle | eagle | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English egle, from Anglo-Norman egle, from Old French aigle, from Latin aquila. Displaced native Middle English ern, earn, arn, from Old English earn (“eagle”). More at erne.",
"* As an English surname, from the noun eagle.\n* As an English surname of Norman origin, from L'Aigle in Orne, first attest... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "egle",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English egle"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "egle",
"template":... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
sesquipedalianism | sesquipedalianism | [
"noun"
] | [
"Surface form analyzed as sesquipedalian + -ism, from sesqui- (“one and a half”) + pedalian (“of the foot”).\nFrom Latin sēsquipedālis (“a foot and a half long; in metaphorical use, “of an unnatural length, huge, big””), from sēsqui (“one and a half times as great”) + pedālis (“foot”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "sēsquipedālis",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin sēsquipedālis (“a foot and a half long; in metaphorical use, “of an unnatural length, huge, big””)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
head | head | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kap-\nProto-Indo-European *káput-\nProto-Germanic *haubudą\nOld English hēafod\nMiddle English heed\nEnglish head\nFrom Middle English efd, had, hafd, heafd, hed, heed, hefet, heid, het, hevd, heved, hevid, hiede, hæfd, hæfedd, from Old English hēafod (“head; top; leader; origi... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "efd",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English efd"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "hēafod",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
pumpkin | pumpkin | [
"noun"
] | [
"Alteration of pompion, pumpion (“pumpkin”) with the diminutive -kin, from Middle French pompon, from Latin pepō (whence English pepo), from Ancient Greek πέπων (pépōn, “large melon”), from πέπων (pépōn, “ripe”), from πέπτω (péptō, “ripen”). The first attestation is from 1647.\nThe alternative theory that it may be... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "pompon",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle French pompon"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "pepō",
"template": "... | [
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
name | name | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"PIE word\n *h₁nómn̥\nEtymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥\nProto-Germanic *namô\nProto-West Germanic *namō\nOld English nama\nMiddle English name\nEnglish name\nFrom Middle English name, nome, from Old English nama, noma, from Proto-West Germanic *namō, from Proto-Germanic *namô (“name”), from Proto-Indo-E... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "name",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English name"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "nama",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"inherited"
] |
f | f | [
"character",
"num"
] | [
"Old English lower case letter f, from 7th century replacement by Latin lower case f of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚠ (f, “fe”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Old English"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
fa | fa | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Glover's solmization, from Middle English fa (“fourth degree or note of Guido of Arezzo's hexachordal scales”), Italian fa in the solmization of Guido of Arezzo, from the first syllable of Latin famulī (“servants”) in the lyrics of the scale-ascending hymn Ut queant laxis by Paulus Deacon."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fa",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fa (“fourth degree or note of Guido of Arezzo's hexachordal scales”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Italian",
"... | [
"English",
"Italian",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
fabaceous | fabaceous | [
"adj"
] | [
"From Latin fabaceus, from faba (“bean”). By surface analysis, Latin fab(a) + -aceous.\nFor sense 2, from translingual Fabaceae + -ous, from Faba."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "fabaceus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin fabaceus"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
fabella | fabella | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from New Latin fābella, diminutive of Latin faba (“bean”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-new",
"source_term": "fābella",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from New Latin fābella"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "faba",
... | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
fabian | Fabian | [
"adj",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"From Latin Fabiānus (“belonging to Fabius”), derived from Fabius + -ānus."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Fabiānus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin Fabiānus (“belonging to Fabius”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
fable | fable | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English, borrowed from Old French fable, from Latin fābula, from fārī (“to speak, say”) + -bula (“instrumental suffix”). See ban, and compare fabulous, fame. Doublet of fabula."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "fable",
"template": "der",... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
a- | a- | [
"prefix"
] | [
"From Middle English a- (“up, out, away”), from Old English ā-, originally *ar-, *or-, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out-”), from Proto-Indo-European *uds- (“up, out”). Cognate with Old Saxon a-, German er-.",
"* From Middle English a- (“on”), derived from unstressed Middle English an ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "a-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English a- (“up, out, away”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ā-",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
aam | aam | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Dutch aam, from Latin ama, a variant of hama, from Ancient Greek ἄμη (ámē, “bucket”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "nl",
"source_term": "aam",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Dutch aam"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "ama",
"template": "der",
"detai... | [
"Dutch",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
aardvark | aardvark | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Afrikaans aardvark (now rare), erdvark, from aarde (“earth”, from Middle Dutch aerde) + vark (“pig”, from Middle Dutch varken). Early European colonists in South Africa noticed that the animal was similar to a pig, while aarde hints at the animal's habit of burrowing."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "aardvark",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Afrikaans aardvark"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "dum",
"source_term": "aerde"... | [
"Dutch",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
aardwolf | aardwolf | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁er-der.\nProto-Germanic *erþō\nProto-West Germanic *erþu\nOld Dutch ertha\nMiddle Dutch āerde\nDutch aarde\nAfrikaans aarde\nProto-Indo-European *wl̥kʷós?\nProto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos\nProto-Germanic *wulfaz\nProto-West Germanic *wulf\nOld Dutch *wulf\nMiddle Dutch wolf\nDut... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "nl",
"source_term": "aardwolf",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Dutch aardwolf"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Proto-Indo-European",
"source_code": "ine-pro",
"source_term": "*h₁er-",
... | [
"Dutch",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
ab- | ab- | [
"prefix"
] | [
"From Latin ab-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“off, away”) (English off, of). Doublet of apo- and off-."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "ab-",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin ab-"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Proto-Indo-European",
"source_code": "ine-pro",
"source_term": "*h₂epo",
"templa... | [
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
abaca | abaca | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Spanish abacá, from Tagalog abaka."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "abacá",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Spanish abacá"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "abaka",
"template": "der... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
abacinate | abacinate | [
"verb"
] | [
"From Late Latin abacinātus, perfect passive participle of abacinō; possibly formed from ab (“off”) + bacīnum (“a basin”) or bacīnus. Probably cognate with modern Italian abbacinare (“to dazzle”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-lat",
"source_term": "abacinātus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Late Latin abacinātus"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abaciscus | abaciscus | [
"noun"
] | [
"From New Latin, from Ancient Greek ἀβακίσκος (abakískos, “a coloured stone for laying mosaic”), diminutive of ἄβαξ (ábax, “board”). See abacus."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-new",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "New Latin"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ἀβακίσκος",
"template": "der",
... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abacist | abacist | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English abaciste, from Medieval Latin abacista, from abacus + -ista (“-ist”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abaciste",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abaciste"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "abacista",
... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
aback | aback | [
"adv",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English abak, from Old English onbæc, equivalent to a- (“towards”) + back. Compare West Frisian tebek (“aback”, adverb, literally “to/at back”), Swedish tillbaka (idem.).",
"From Latin abacus."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abak",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abak"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "onbæc",
"templa... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"inherited"
] |
abaction | abaction | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin abāctiō."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "abāctiō",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin abāctiō"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abactor | abactor | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Late Latin abactor (“cattle rustler”), from abigō (“drive away”); from ab (“from, away from”) + agō (“drive”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-lat",
"source_term": "abactor",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Late Latin abactor (“cattle rustler”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abaculus | abaculus | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin abaculus, diminutive of abacus."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "abaculus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin abaculus"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abacus | abacus | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Late Middle English abacus, abagus, agabus (“abacus; art of counting with an abacus”), from Latin abacus, abax (“sideboard or table with a slab at the top; slab at the top of a column; counting board, sand table; board for playing games”) (compare Late Latin abacus (“art of arithmetic”)), from Ancient Greek ἄ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abacus",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abacus"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "abacus",
"templa... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
abada | abada | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Portuguese abada (“female rhinoceros”), from Malay badak (“rhinoceros”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "abada",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Portuguese abada (“female rhinoceros”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "ba... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
abaddon | Abaddon | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English Abadon, Abbadon, Labadon, Laabadon, from Late Latin Abaddōn, from Ancient Greek Ᾰ̓βᾰδδών (Ăbăddṓn), from Biblical Hebrew אֲבַדּוֹן (ʔăḇaddōn, “destruction; ruin”), from אבד (ʾāḇaḏ, “to be lost, to perish”).",
"UK C19. From Abaddon, from Middle English, from Late Latin, from Ancient Greek Ἀβαδ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Abadon, Abbadon, Labadon, Laabadon",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Abadon, Abbadon, Labadon, Laabadon"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"sour... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Hebrew",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
abaft | abaft | [
"prep",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English obaft, baft, baften, from Old English beæftan; be (“by”) (modern English by) + æftan (“behind”) (modern English after). See also aft."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "obaft",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English obaft"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "beæftan",
"temp... | [
"English"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
abaisance | abaisance | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English abeisans, from Old French abaissance."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abeisans",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abeisans"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "abaissance",
... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
abalienate | abalienate | [
"verb"
] | [
"From Latin abaliēnātus, perfect passive participle of abaliēnō (“alienate; remove”); from ab- (“by, from; away”) + aliēnō (“alienate, estrange”); from aliēnus (“foreign, alien”), from alius (“other, another”). Equivalent to ab- + alienate."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "abaliēnātus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin abaliēnātus"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abalienation | abalienation | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin abalienatio. Equivalent to abalienate + -ion."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "abalienatio",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin abalienatio"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
abalone | abalone | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nSouthern Ohlone aulunbor.\nSpanish abulónbor.\nEnglish abalone\nFrom American Spanish abulón, from an indigenous language of the Monterey Bay area such as Rumsen/Southern Ohlone aūlun (“red abalone”)"
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "abulón",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Spanish abulón"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "aulun",
"template": "d... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
abandon | abandon | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English abandounen, from Old French abandoner, formed from a (“at, to”) + bandon (“jurisdiction, control”), from Late Latin bannum (“proclamation”), bannus, bandum, from Frankish *ban, *bann, from Proto-Germanic *bannaną (“to proclaim, command”) (whence English ban), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abandounen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abandounen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "abandoner"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
abandoned | abandoned | [
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English abandoned, equivalent to abandon + -ed."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "abandoned",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English abandoned"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
abandonment | abandonment | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French abandonnement, from abandonner (“to abandon, relinquish”). abandonner was originally equivalent to mettre à bandon (“to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another”), bandon being from Medieval Latin bandum, bannum (“order, decree, ban”). Equivalent to abandon + -ment. (See also English banns.)... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "abandonnement",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French abandonnement"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term":... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
End of preview.
English Etymology Tagger Prototype Dataset
This is a compact prototype dataset derived from English entries in Wiktionary, using machine-readable JSONL from Kaikki.
Dataset Statistics
1. Data Pipeline & Volume
- Original Source: 1,465,676 English entries (total lines in the Kaikki English JSONL).
- Relevant Datapoints: 102,111 entries (words containing etymological templates parsed by
wiktextract). - Filtered & Processed: 83,204 datapoints were used for model training and evaluation (after collapsing variants and ensuring at least one valid label remained).
2. Source Language Distribution (Top 10)
Based on the relevant datapoints ($N = 102,111$):
| Language | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Latin (consolidated) | 23,728 | 23.24% |
| English (consolidated) | 20,974 | 20.54% |
| French (consolidated) | 16,694 | 16.35% |
| Greek | 10,074 | 9.87% |
| German | 7,300 | 7.15% |
| Chinese | 5,017 | 4.91% |
| Italian | 4,729 | 4.63% |
| Proto-Germanic | 4,692 | 4.59% |
| Spanish | 4,628 | 4.53% |
| Proto-Indo-European | 4,097 | 4.01% |
| ... | ... | ... |
| Other (all languages < 1%) | 30,339 | 29.71% |
3. Entry Mechanism Distribution
Based on the relevant datapoints ($N = 102,111$):
| Mechanism | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| borrowed | 57,530 | 56.34% |
| derived | 45,760 | 44.81% |
| inherited | 18,032 | 17.66% |
| calqued | 2,231 | 2.18% |
(Note: Percentages sum to >100% because words can have multiple etymological paths/labels. The "Other" category is significant because it aggregates hundreds of rare languages including Ukrainian, Welsh, and Portuguese.)
Data Processing & Refinement
- Linguistic Consolidation (Collapsing): Numerous Wiktionary language variants were mapped to their primary families to reduce sparsity.
- Latin variants (Late, Medieval, Vulgar, etc.) → Latin.
- English variants (Old, Middle, etc.) → English.
- Germanic Merges: "Proto-West Germanic" was merged into "Proto-Germanic" to provide a more stable training signal.
- Label Thresholding: Only languages appearing in >1% of the dataset (~1,021 occurrences) are preserved as distinct labels. All others are remapped to "Other".
- Exclusions: Non-etymological labels such as "Translingual" and broad categories like "Germanic languages" were removed.
- Imbalance Mitigation:
- Undersampling: The training set implements a random 50% undersampling for words originating from Latin, English, and French.
- Multi-Task Optimization: The dataset is designed for Multi-Task Learning (MTL), allowing models to learn shared representations for both source languages and entry mechanisms.
Source
The source is English Wiktionary data extracted by Wiktextract and published by Kaikki.
Limitations
Etymology is often ambiguous or layered. A word might have an inherited root but be heavily influenced by a subsequent borrowing (e.g., "skirt" vs. "shirt"). This dataset represents the primary paths captured in Wiktionary templates.
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