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The human body is the entire structure of a human being. It is composed of many different types of cells that together create tissues and subsequently organs and then organ systems.
The external human body consists of a head, hair, neck, torso (which includes the thorax and abdomen), genitals, arms, hands, legs, and fe... | Human body | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body | 36,761 | 7,491 |
In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to... | Nervous system | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system | 41,686 | 8,438 |
neurons and guidance of the motile growth cone through the embryo towards postsynaptic partners, the generation of synapses between these axons and their postsynaptic partners, and finally the lifelong changes in synapses which are thought to underlie learning and memory.
All bilaterian animals at an early stage of de... | Nervous system | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system | 6,350 | 1,324 |
The human brain is the central organ of the nervous system, and with the spinal cord, comprises the central nervous system. It consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. The brain controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the... | Human brain | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain | 38,463 | 7,888 |
primarily with one half of the body: the left side of the brain interacts with the right side of the body, and vice versa. This is theorized to be caused by a developmental axial twist. Motor connections from the brain to the spinal cord, and sensory connections from the spinal cord to the brain, both cross sides in t... | Human brain | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain | 41,083 | 8,174 |
brate brains. Many of its features are common to all mammalian brains, most notably a six-layered cerebral cortex and a set of associated structures, including the hippocampus and amygdala. The cortex is proportionally larger in humans than in many other mammals. Humans have more association cortex, sensory and motor p... | Human brain | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain | 36,127 | 7,234 |
The motor cortex comprises interconnected fields on the posterior frontal lobe—chiefly Brodmann area 4 (primary motor cortex, M1) and area 6 (premotor cortex and supplementary motor areas)—that plan, select and execute voluntary movements. These regions transform goals into patterned activity in descending pathways to ... | Motor cortex | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_cortex | 19,291 | 3,308 |
The cerebellum (pl.: cerebella or cerebellums; Latin for 'little brain') is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates. Although usually smaller than the cerebrum, in some animals such as the mormyrid fishes it may be as large as it or even larger. In humans, the cerebellum plays an important role in motor con... | Cerebellum | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum | 39,652 | 8,043 |
ground for theorizing—there are perhaps more theories of the function of the cerebellum than of any other part of the brain. The most basic distinction among them is between "learning theories" and "performance theories"—that is, theories that make use of synaptic plasticity within the cerebellum to account for its ro... | Cerebellum | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum | 18,737 | 3,612 |
The basal ganglia (BG) or basal nuclei are a group of subcortical nuclei (cluster of neurons) found in the brains of vertebrates. Positioned at the base of the forebrain and the top of the midbrain, they have strong connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem and other brain areas. The basal ganglia are a... | Basal ganglia | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia | 28,548 | 5,541 |
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the lower brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals. The center of the spinal cord is hollow and contains a structure called the central canal, which cont... | Spinal cord | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord | 27,628 | 5,694 |
The somatosensory system, or somatic sensory system, is a subset of the sensory nervous system. The main functions of the somatosensory system are the perception of external stimuli, the perception of internal stimuli, and the regulation of body position and balance (proprioception). It is believed to act as a pathway ... | Somatosensory system | Anatomy & Biology | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory_system | 18,998 | 3,692 |
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... | ICF_Framework Document 1 | ICF_Framework | pdf | https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health | 6,999 | 1,500 |
Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or just plasticity, is the medium of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize and rewire its neural connections, enabling it to adapt and function in ways that differ from its pr... | Neuroplasticity | Neuroscience & Rehab | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplasticity | 43,212 | 8,218 |
the injury. His recent research focuses on the somatosensory system, which involves a sense of the body and its movements using many senses. Usually, damage of the somatosensory cortex results in impairment of the body perception. Kaas' research project is focused on how these systems (somatosensory, cognitive, motor ... | Neuroplasticity | Neuroscience & Rehab | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplasticity | 35,624 | 6,379 |
Hebbian theory is a neuropsychological theory claiming that an increase in synaptic efficacy arises from a presynaptic cell's repeated and persistent stimulation of a postsynaptic cell. It is an attempt to explain synaptic plasticity, the adaptation of neurons during the learning process. Hebbian theory was introduced ... | Hebbian theory | Neuroscience & Rehab | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbian_theory | 29,221 | 4,279 |
A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron "mirrors" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Mirror neurons are not always physiologically distinct from other types of neurons in the br... | Mirror neuron | Neuroscience & Rehab | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuron | 37,875 | 7,468 |
A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse. The cell receiving the signal, or target cell, may be another neuron, but could also be a gland or muscle cell.
Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft where they are able to in... | Neurotransmitter | Neuroscience & Rehab | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter | 30,677 | 5,644 |
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical, L-DOPA, wh... | Dopamine | Neuroscience & Rehab | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine | 40,246 | 7,698 |
when they are not in use. In advanced stages it progresses to dementia and eventually death. The main symptoms are caused by the loss of dopamine-secreting cells in the substantia nigra. These dopamine cells are especially vulnerable to damage, and a variety of insults, including encephalitis (as depicted in the book ... | Dopamine | Neuroscience & Rehab | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine | 19,973 | 3,868 |
Serotonin (), also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide range of functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and also peripheral tissues. It is involved in mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. In ... | Serotonin | Neuroscience & Rehab | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin | 37,838 | 6,994 |
is released, which slows it down; if it is starved, serotonin also is released, which slows the animal down further. This mechanism increases the amount of time animals spend in the presence of food. The released serotonin activates the muscles used for feeding, while octopamine suppresses them. Serotonin diffuses to ... | Serotonin | Neuroscience & Rehab | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin | 34,939 | 6,680 |
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic compound that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals (including humans) as a neurotransmitter. Its name is derived from its chemical structure: it is an ester of acetic acid and choline. Parts in the body that use or are affected by acetylcholine are referred to as ch... | Acetylcholine | Neuroscience & Rehab | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine | 21,631 | 4,070 |
An anterior cruciate ligament injury occurs when the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is either stretched, partially torn, or completely torn. The most common injury is a complete tear. Symptoms include pain, an audible cracking sound during injury, instability of the knee, and joint swelling. Swelling generally appear... | Anterior cruciate ligament injury | OT Conditions | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACL_injury | 36,287 | 7,286 |
Tetraplegia, also known as quadriplegia, is defined as the dysfunction or loss of motor and/or sensory function in the cervical area of the spinal cord. A loss of motor function can present as either weakness or paralysis leading to partial or total loss of function in the arms, legs, trunk, and pelvis (paraplegia is s... | Tetraplegia | OT Conditions | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriplegia | 38,904 | 7,828 |
Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing. Although classified under "symptoms and signs" in ICD-10, in some contexts it is classified as a condition in its own right.
It may be a sensation that suggests difficulty in the passage of solids or liquids from the mouth to the stomach, a lack of pharyngeal sensation or various ... | Dysphagia | OT Conditions | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia | 12,629 | 2,350 |
Aphasia, also known as dysphasia, is an impairment in a person's ability to comprehend or formulate language because of dysfunction in specific brain regions. The major causes are stroke and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine, but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in developed countries. Aphas... | Aphasia | OT Conditions | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia | 42,139 | 8,288 |
, using picture cards, etc. The SLP provides prompting questions to the individual with aphasia in order for the person to name the picture provided. Studies show that SFA is an effective intervention for improving confrontational naming.
Melodic intonation therapy is used to treat non-fluent aphasia and has proved to ... | Aphasia | OT Conditions | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia | 34,582 | 6,862 |
Apraxia is a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain (specifically the posterior parietal cortex or corpus callosum), which causes difficulty with motor planning to perform tasks or movements. The nature of the damage determines the disorder's severity, and the absence of sensory loss or paralysis helps to explain... | Apraxia | OT Conditions | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apraxia | 19,311 | 3,679 |
Occupational therapy (OT), also known as ergotherapy in Europe, is a healthcare profession that helps people take part in the everyday activities, or occupations, that are important for daily life. These occupations include self-care tasks, work, school, social participation, and leisure activities.
Occupational therap... | Occupational therapy | OT Theory & Frameworks | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_therapy | 45,895 | 8,466 |
stress reduction methods, and suggesting fatigue management strategies
Coaching individuals with hand amputations how to put on and take off a myoelectrically controlled limb as well as training for functional use of the limb
Pressure sore prevention for those with sensation loss such as in spinal cord injuries.
Using... | Occupational therapy | OT Theory & Frameworks | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_therapy | 38,951 | 7,324 |
Sensory integration therapy (SIT) was developed in the 1970s to treat children with sensory processing disorder, sometimes called sensory integrative dysfunction. Sensory integration therapy is based on A. Jean Ayres's Sensory Integration Theory, which proposes that sensory processing is linked to emotional regulation,... | Sensory integration therapy | OT Theory & Frameworks | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_integration_therapy | 43,711 | 8,177 |
Assistive technology (AT) is a term for assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices for people with disabilities and the elderly. People with disabilities often have difficulty performing activities of daily living (ADLs) independently, or even with assistance. ADLs are self-care activities that include toileting, ... | Assistive technology | OT Theory & Frameworks | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistive_technology | 43,747 | 8,424 |
shaped by societal beliefs about the causes of disability, cultural and religious attitudes, stereotypes about the capabilities of people with disabilities, environmental barriers, and limited opportunities for positive interaction between disabled and non-disabled groups. In older adults, age-related stereotypes were... | Assistive technology | OT Theory & Frameworks | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistive_technology | 21,317 | 4,093 |
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• F... | OT_Foundations Document 2 | OT_Foundations | pdf | https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240079694 | 4,632 | 1,062 |
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a technique that uses low-energy electrical pulses to artificially generate body movements in individuals who have been paralyzed due to injury to the central nervous system. More specifically, FES can be used to generate muscle contraction in otherwise paralyzed limbs to prod... | Functional electrical stimulation | Rehab Techniques | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_electrical_stimulation | 27,812 | 5,388 |
Virtual reality therapy (VRT), also known as virtual reality immersion therapy (VRIT), simulation for therapy (SFT), virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET), and computerized CBT (CCBT), is the use of virtual reality technology for psychological or occupational therapy and in affecting virtual rehabilitation. Patients... | Virtual reality therapy | Rehab Techniques | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality_therapy | 44,899 | 8,585 |
modules, with accompanying questionnaires and supportive environments such as meditation and art-therapy rooms. A seminar report also notes clinician-facing tools for creating custom environments and monitoring sessions during VR-based exposure and desensitisation work.
==== Rehametrics (Spain) ====
Rehametrics, fou... | Virtual reality therapy | Rehab Techniques | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality_therapy | 30,226 | 5,708 |
Equine-assisted therapy (EAT) encompasses a range of treatments that involve activities with horses and other equines to promote human physical and mental health. Modern use of horses for mental health treatment dates to the 1990s. Systematic review of studies of EAT as applied to physical health date only to about 200... | Equine-assisted therapy | Rehab Techniques | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_horseback_riding | 16,843 | 3,203 |
Music therapy is the use of music in a clinical setting to accomplish therapeutic goals. " Music therapists are generally trained musicians who have completed an accredited music therapy program. Although music therapy has been established as a profession only relatively recently, the connection between music and thera... | Music therapy | Rehab Techniques | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_therapy | 44,446 | 8,586 |
-Dieu (now Hôpital Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine) in Montreal.
A conference in August 1974, organized by Norma Sharpe and six other music therapists, led to the founding of the Canadian Music Therapy Association, which was later renamed the Canadian Association for Music Therapy (CAMT). As of 2009, the organization had mo... | Music therapy | Rehab Techniques | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_therapy | 34,707 | 6,990 |
Art therapy is a distinct discipline that incorporates creative methods of expression through visual art media. Art therapy, as a creative arts therapy profession, originated in the fields of art and psychotherapy and may vary in definition. Art therapy encourages creative expression through painting, drawing, or mode... | Art therapy | Rehab Techniques | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_therapy | 27,643 | 5,392 |
Play therapy refers to a range of methods of capitalising on children's natural urge to explore and harnessing it to meet and respond to their developmental and mental health needs. It is also used for forensic or psychological assessment purposes where the individual is too young or too traumatised to give a verbal ac... | Play therapy | Rehab Techniques | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_therapy | 42,109 | 8,417 |
children, resolve discipline issues, and also help the children work through traumatic experiences such as hospitalization or parental divorce.
The emotional bond formed between a caregiver and their child is called attachment. (Lin, 2003). A child having attachment issues is significant because a child can have eithe... | Play therapy | Rehab Techniques | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_therapy | 4,321 | 806 |
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that combines basic principles from cognitive psychology and behaviorism. It aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions by challenging and adjusting convictions and assumptions, while helping patients learn better-adapted behavior by trying ... | Cognitive behavioral therapy | Rehab Techniques | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy | 43,902 | 8,264 |
inations, examining factors which precipitate relapse, and managing relapses. Meta-analyses confirm the effectiveness of metacognitive training (MCT) for the improvement of positive symptoms (e.g., delusions).
For people at risk of psychosis, in 2014 the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) reco... | Cognitive behavioral therapy | Rehab Techniques | wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy | 36,002 | 6,757 |
# Occupational Therapy: Comprehensive Foundations
## History and Evolution
Occupational therapy (OT) emerged in the early 20th century during a period of humanitarian reform. The profession was founded on the belief that purposeful activity (occupation) could promote health and well-being. Key pioneers include William... | OT Foundations | curated_content | curated_textbook | builtin_knowledge | 27,852 | 4,583 |
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